Introduction

Modern science finds that centuries old, naturally occurring organic compounds have significant therapeutic benefits

Plants have been used in medicine for thousands of years. Their specific uses, safety and effectiveness are sometimes better understood than modern drugs. Overcoming biases toward regulated pharmaceutical drugs is key to expanding the science supporting expanded use.

What's a terpene?

A terpene is an organic compound found in all plants, including pine trees, citrus, lavender, herbs and foods we eat every day. Terpenes are responsible for the characteristic aromas and flavors of plants and play important roles in their biological functions. Plants produce terpenes primarily for protection against herbivores and pathogens, as well as to attract pollinators and deter predators.

Concentrated terpenes are used as flavoring in food products and have been used for centuries in perfumes and air fresheners where they're prized for their signature scents. As consumers of plants for thousands of years, humans have evolved a symbiotic relationship with them. We know they provide vital nutrients, fiber and minerals. But plant terpenes have now been found to help moderate our immune systems; manage mood, anxiety, stress and sleep patterns; regulate hormones and even reduce pain and inflammation. 

Researchers are now studying dozens of ways in which terpenes can be used to treat a wide range of diseases, from chronic pain to anxiety, addiction and insomnia. In ways we’re only beginning to understand after thousands of years of use, our bodies rely on and interact with plants in multiple ways critical to sustaining health.  

Why haven't I heard of them before?

Concentrated plant extracts and oils have been commonly used as medicine for thousands of years in Asia, Africa and Europe, but it's only in the 20th century that they've gained momentum in the United States. Unfortunately, the frequent association of plant terpenes with CBD and THC products made from cannabis has caused unnecessary confusion for both consumers and regulators.

Whether you’ve heard of terpenes or not, you’ve probably eaten them and used them before. Plant essential oils used for aromatherapy get their scent from plant terpenes. Lavender is one of the most widely used and has been found in studies to have just the effects we expect. It’s calming, relieves stress and can help with sleep. Mint oils are not only used for their scent, but are added as natural flavoring to a variety of packaged foods, as is the oil of cloves, cinnamon and a variety of fruits and berries. 

In fact, some of the most exhaustive research of plant terpenes is conducted by the Flavor Extract Manufacturer’s Association (FEMA), whose membership is comprised of the world’s largest and most famous food manufacturers. To ensure that the many plant extracts and concentrates used in food products are safe, FEMA members conduct extensive studies in animals and humans, submitting their data to the FDA for review. Many concentrated plant terpenes have been granted generally regarded as safe (GRAS) status by the FDA indicating that these products are safe for consumption as food.

Are all terpenes from cannabis plants?

Terpenes are associated with cannabis because cannabis companies promote the many terpenes found in hemp plants as producing a so-called “entourage effect” when combined with cannabinoids. However, all plants produce terpenes and all plants produce multiple types of terpenes in wide variety of combinations and concentrations. Indeed, non-hemp plants like echinacea and hops contain organic compounds classified as cannibinoids because they interact with the same receptors produced by the human body as CBD. 

For example, β-Caryophyllene (beta Caryophyllene) is sometimes called a dietary cannabinoid, although it's found in vastly higher concentrations in black pepper, cloves, cinnamon and hops than in any strain of cannabis. It's referred to as a cannabinoid only because, when consumed or ingested, some researchers believe it may interact with the body's endocannabinoid system. What’s more important is that studies indicate that β-Caryophyllene may have both analgesic (pain relieving) and anti-inflammatory effects that are beneficial to treating certain pain conditions. 

You've been taking them your whole life

It's early days for terpenes and other plant-based medicines in the United States where we rely heavily on synthetic drugs. Modern drugs have been beneficial, but are in fact relatively new compared to lavender, echinacea, omega-3 fatty acids and willow bark - the original,source of salicylic acid we know as aspirin. Side effects from medications regularly prescribed for conditions like chronic pain or depression have negative side effects from long-term use. Despite regulatory approvals, drugs like opioids, steroids and anti-depressants have serious side effects and tragic social consequences as well.

Although there are no FDA-approved dietary supplements – not vitamins, terpenes, CBD, minerals or oils – many are highly beneficial. Omega-3 fatty acids and glucosamine are recommended by doctors and veterinarians for soft tissue support in arthritis patients. Ginseng contains a form of steroid which, taken in moderation, can have similar effects to common drugs. Zinc, melatonin, vitamin B complex, vitamin E and apple cider vinegar and a seemingly endless list have all demonstrated real health benefits despite the lack of regulatory approval. 

Responsible researchers and makers hope that natural medicines can be used together with conventional drugs and alternative therapies like acupuncture and therapeutic massage to reduce reliance on toxic drugs.  For example, beta caryophyllene studies indicate that it’s highly effective for treating certain pain conditions, potentially replacing or reducing reliance on opioids. Linalool is being studied for treating anxiety, depression and even more serious mental health conditions, potentially replacing drugs with serious side effects.

Our focus today is on scientific and clinical research with terpenes to treat pain conditions, neuropathy and potentially even addiction. Others are studying their use for treating various cancers, memory loss, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. But with nearly 500 terpenes identified to date, there are endless opportunities to develop ecologically sustainable, affordable and natural products that support and improve health.